Benjamin Sommer

A Hebrew edition of the book was published by Carmel Press in 2022, with the title, התגלות וסמכות: סיני במקרא ובמסורת.

Sommer's book, Revelation and Authority: Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition, published in 2015, develops the concept of what Sommer calls "the participatory theology of revelation" and traces its unfolding from biblical texts to modern Jewish thought. According to this theology, the Pentateuch embodies not only the will of God but also the perceptions and interpretations of that will by generations of ancient Israelites. This participatory theology appears in some parts of the Pentateuch itself, especially the E and P sources. Other biblical authors (including the Pentateuch's D source) reject this theology, upholding instead what Sommer terms "the stenographic theory of revelation," according to which the Pentateuch contains God's exact words, transcribed by Moses. Publishers Weekly described this book as a "groundbreaking work" which is "an important read for Jewish laypeople, clergy, and scholars" and "also likely to appeal to non-Jews who want to make modern biblical scholarship relevant for believers" Ethan Schwartz stated that "readers who finish Sommer's long but engaging book might conclude that what makes it unique is its suggestion that Jews actively participate in the creation and determination of Torah”. The book was also reviewed as "clear, bold, and innovative"

Sommer was elected to membership in the Biblical Colloquium in 2014 and to membership in the American Academy for Jewish Research in 2017.

In a 2011 essay, "Dating Pentateuchal Texts and the Perils of Pseudo–Historicism," Sommer argues that the most common methods biblical critics use to date biblical texts are fundamentally flawed. Consequently, in his view, most datings of biblical texts in modern scholarly literature are "worthless." Sommer maintains that biblical critics misapply historicist methods, often assuming a simplistic correlation between the political conditions of a given era and the ideas that thinkers in that era must have been thinking. Concurring with the historian of religion Mircea Eliade and the scholar of kabbalah Moshe Idel, Sommer critiques the tendency of reductionist scholars of religion to avoid acknowledging the deep and enduring humanistic significance of much religious literature, an avoidance that Sommer terms "the pseudo-historicist cop-out."

Sommer has been a Fellow of Tikvah Center for Law and Jewish Civilization at New York University Law School, and of Israel Institute for Advanced Studies in the 2010s.

In 2009, Sommer published The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel. This book examines conceptions of the divine in ancient Israel. Sommer argues that some biblical authors (including the J and E sources of the Pentateuch, Isaiah, and various Psalms) believed that the deity Yhwh had multiple bodies that took manifold forms, while others (including the D and P sources of the Pentateuch) insisted that Yhwh has only one body. According to Sommer, the Bible records a debate between these two theological intuitions that continues in later Jewish sources. Sommer also argues that, contrary to what Jews and Christians today believe, no biblical (or rabbinic) authors believed in a non-corporeal deity. The book also contains a lengthy discussion of the nature of ancient Israelite monotheism, which Sommer believes was more widespread than many modern biblical scholars presume. Sommer also criticizes William G. Dever's book Did God Have a Wife? for stating that the biblical authors “did not wish to acknowledge the popularity and the powerful influence" of polytheism in ancient Israel. In fact, argues Sommer, "biblical authors constantly acknowledge the widespread polytheism of Israelites, and they mention Israelite goddess worship specifically on a number of occasions".

Sommer has developed the notion of what he calls dialogical biblical theology, especially in a lengthy 2009 article with that name. He argues that modern scholars who fashion themselves as biblical theologians not only describe the ancient Israelite religious ideas found in the Bible but put those ideas in dialogue with later ideas and texts from their own religious tradition. This dialogue may be implicit or explicit, and the modern scholar may create this dialogue consciously or unconsciously. Sommer maintains that biblical theologians should acknowledge this aspect of their work, rather than hiding it or denying it. He further argues that Jewish biblical scholars have long been engaged in this sort of work, even though they rarely use the term biblical theology.

Following his Doctoral studies, Sommer joined Northwestern University as an Assistant Professor and was promoted to Associate Professor of Religion in 2000. He also held multiple appointments as Director of the Crown Family Center for Jewish Studies during his tenure at the University. In 2008, he left Northwestern University and was appointed by The Jewish Theological Seminary of America as a Professor of Bible and Ancient Semitic Languages.

Sommer published his first book, A Prophet Reads Scripture: Allusion in Isaiah 40-66 (Contraversions: Jews and Other Differences) in 1998. It examines the way that the author of Isaiah 40–66, often referred to as "Deutero-Isaiah," reworked borrowed vocabulary, imagery, and ideas from earlier biblical authors, especially Jeremiah, First Isaiah, and various Psalms. According to Sommer, the frequency of allusion in these chapters points towards changes in prophecy during the late sixth century, as Israelite religion became increasingly oriented towards finding God not in a sacred space or a temple but in sacred texts. He also argues that the consistent methods of allusion found in chapters 40-66 suggest that these chapters are a literary unity and undermine the widespread theory that chapters 56-66 are a distinct compositional unit.

Sommer graduated summa cum laude and received his B.A. degree in Philosophy and Judaic Studies from Yale University in 1986. He also studied at the department of Bible at Hebrew University. He received his M.A. degree in Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East from Brandeis University in 1991. Sommer completed his Doctoral studies in Bible/Religion from University of Chicago in 1994.

Benjamin D. Sommer (Hebrew: בנימין זומר; born July 6, 1964) is an American biblical scholar and Jewish theologian. He is a Professor of Bible at The Jewish Theological Seminary of America and a Senior Fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute. He is a former director of the Crown Family Center for Jewish Studies at Northwestern University.