Fernando Bravo James

In the June 1977 interview, Marcelo Quezada, asks Elsa about the 1956 elections and also about Fernando Bravo's qualifications as a candidate for the vice presidency:

Currently the school does no longer exist. In 1972, during the dictatorship of Hugo Banzer, his name was removed and replaced with that of Rosemary Galindo de Barrientos (widow of former dictator René Barrientos). However, later Virginia Aramayo de Portocarrero (teacher and director working with Fe y Alegría: a Bolivian Branch of a Latin American popular education movement) gave the name of Fernando Bravo James to an establishment of Fe y Alegría. Currently the Unidad educativa Fernando Bravo James in the city of El Alto, Bolivia provides classes at all levels from initial education to secondary school.

In 1963, at the Teachers Congress held in Santa Cruz, a school was named after Professor Fernando Bravo James, in accordance with the desires of the members of the teaching profession. A resolution in favor of this measure had been presented to the Minister of Education Guzmán Galarza, who issued a ministerial decision by giving the name of Fernando Bravo James to small three courses school operating beyond the Bologna forest in La Paz. The resolution was delivered to his widow, Professor Elsa Cladera de Bravo, in a public ceremony at the Casa Social del Maestro, when Dr. Max Reyes was executive secretary. In expressing her thanks to this, Elsa highlighted the work of her husband.

In 1962 Fernando Bravo became seriously ill. In spite of his fragile state of health, he continued with the union struggle of the teachers that turned into a strike in 1962. As the leader of the teachers of La Paz, Fernando organized and led the strike. "He served as Chairman of the Strike Committee ... The doctors prescribed absolute rest. But he could not agree to that and would not abandon the fight. Disobeying the doctors, he continued to lead the strike." Meanwhile, "in this movement new methods of struggle were introduced, such as 'lightning rallies' in plebeian neighborhoods and throughout the city. The objective was to incorporate the population into strike for the teachers', that is, to link the strike to the population itself. The success of the strike was due especially to this social bond", writes Elsa Cladera de Bravo. The "lightning rallies" consisted of groups of teachers who suddenly appeared in a certain place and start holding forth loudly, like traveling minstrels in the Middle Ages. After this quick appearance, it would be the turn of another group in another place. The "lightning" rallies held by the strikers' actions groups were synchronized in such a way that when one group had finished its mission, another group started elsewhere. This made police vigilance impossible. The police could not know where the different action groups would show up and could not be at all the different locations where the 'rallies' were held.

In September 1957 Fernando travels to Paris as a delegate of his party to the Congress of the Fourth International. He embarks in Buenos Aires and, on the ship, he writes:

Bravo James, Fernando. "Canciones del CETA" (Centro Estudiantil Tupac Amaru) without date (Possible written in La Paz, between 1957 and 1962).

In 1956 the POR-Lucha Obrera decided to participate in the national elections. "Political personalities such as Fernando Bravo, who was joined by González, undertook a high–level campaign against the MNR," according to Dunkerley. However the intention seems to have been different: "They said they were going to announce the candidacy simply to take advantage of the situation, that moment of the elections, to make all the political propaganda possible, because they had no opportunity to carry out widespread ... It is then that Fernando worked as never before with the militants to bring propaganda to all the mines", says Elsa Cladera de Bravo. The POR–Lucha Obrera nominated Hugo González for the presidency and Fernando Bravo James for the vice presidency.

Bravo James, Fernando (1956a). Curso de geografía económica general. Universidad Técnica de Oruro.

Bravo James, Fernando (1956b). Curso de geografía económica nacional. Universidad Técnica de Oruro.

Bravo James, Fernando (1954). La revolución boliviana y la educación. Universidad Técnica de Oruro.

Bravo James, Fernando, "Comunicado. Pide que la Confederación Nacional de Maestros se pronuncie sobre los últimos acontecimientos", La Patria (18 April 1952).

Bravo James, Fernando (1951). "Lineamientos Geo-económicos y sociales". In Armando Rosas García, Fernando Bravo James, Liberato Ignacio López, Julio Bahoz Ramírez & Julio César Mier M., Informe de la delegación de egresados de la promoción de 1950, sobre la visita a las facultades de Ciencias económicas de Buenos Aires y Montevideo. Revista Económica, Nos. 7 and 8. Universidad Técnica de Oruro: Centro de estudios financieros, pp. 125–151.

As for its approval, it was Fernando Bravo who "defended the thesis and … got it approved in the mines..., because he was in touch with the working class, as a trade unionist, as a teacher and on that basis he had the thesis approved. It was [he] who got it approved", Elsa adds. It was Elsa Cladera de Bravo who transcribed the original of the Thesis of Pulacayo, her daughter Emma Bolshia states in an interview with Sándor John for his book Bolivias Radical Tradition. Permanent Revolution in the Andes. In another interview, in the aforementioned book, Hugo González, leader of the POR group, in which Fernando Bravo was active after the split of the party in the 1950s, alludes to a song about the Thesis of Pulacayo. Fernando's literary skills in the composing of the lyrics to the POR's song have already mentioned. This is the song he composed for song about the thesis of Pulacayo:

Bravo James, Fernando, "La organización de la escuela" (the organizing of the school) without date (Possible written in Oruro, between 1950 and 1956).

Bravo James, Fernando, "Entre mineros y universitarios", La Patria (25 March 1949).

In 1946, the Encinas family's house at the corner of Ayacucho and Presidente Montes streets in Oruro would play a historical role related to the advancement of the burgeoning mine proletariat. Elsa Cladera de Bravo testifies, that it was in this house that the miners political program the Thesis of Pulacayo, was written. In an interview with Elsa, at the "Hôpital Cantonale" in Fribourg, Switzerland, in 2001, I inquired about the writing of the Thesis of Pulacayo. She said that "It was written in my house, and among those who participated in this were: Barrientos from Cochabamba and Ayala Mercado". I asked if Fernando Bravo participated in writing it, and Elsa replied: "he also contributed, but Lora... wanted to be known as the sole author of the Thesis of Pulacayo." However, Bravo James "was part of the team that developed the famous Thesis of Pulacayo", testifies the editor of Lucha Obrera. In summary "the party developed the Thesis of Pulacayo for the miners of Llallagua to present it", John writes, quoting Hugo González.

It was at the mine workers Congress in Pulacayo on November 8, 1946, that the "Thesis of Pulacayo" was presented. "Two of the youngest and most active members of the POR attended the Congress; Guillermo Lora … and Fernando Bravo", writes James Dunkerley, "Lora and Bravo … managed to obtain the support of an extensive political resolution". Dunkerley refers to the Thesis of Pulacayo which he describes as "in essence, an adaptation to the Bolivian situation of the Transitional Program written by Trotsky in 1938."

Central Obrera Boliviana representative Sabino Tito Atahuichi said: "Comrade Fernando, I remember how in the sexenio [the repressive period of 1946–1952] you were constantly on the run, always persecuted, banished many times, but always sure of the wonderful loyalty of your wife, family and comrades in the struggle. Fernando, you sealed the unity of Bolivia's teachers with the workers of our country, in the general strike 1950, when you found jail far preferable to giving up the fight... Lastly, the Central Obrera Boliviana, where we often heard your wise and thoughtful words, wants to tell you this: Fernando, rest in peace, your ideals which are as beautiful as your frank smile, have found place among new union cadres and in the heart of the people."

Bravo James, Fernando, "Se firmó el pacto obrero universitario", La Patria (30 July 1946).

Bravo James graduated as a financial auditor in 1945 and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics in 1949 from the Universidad Técnica de Oruro. He was one of the senior lecturers "forged in the own classrooms and whose merit is indisputable", writes Barrón Feraudi. "Fernando Bravo James … was a high-carat intellectual, honest politician and relentless social fighter who sided with the popular masses. As an instructor of General and National Economic Geography for more than seven years, both his broad knowledge and his youthful teaching ardor were evident. In 1956 he moved to La Paz, where as a result of a tough competitive examination he was chosen to teach the same subject at that city's university in the faculty of Economics". Fernando Bravo James also lectured on Historical Materialism at the Universidad Obrera de Oruro from 1950 to 1956. He was a senior lecturer in Economic Sciences at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés in La Paz from 1956 to 1962.

Bravo James,Fernando (1944). Bolivia ante la historia. Universidad Técnica de Oruro. (Awarded study in a contest at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the "Universidad Técnica de Oruro").

Bravo James, Fernando (1944–1950). "Cuaderno de canciones del Comité local de Catavi del POR, Partido Obrero Revolucionario" (Secc. Boliviana de la IV Internacional). Ediciones Lucha Minera:Secretaría de publicaciones.

This was the event that captured Elsa's hearth, they were married in 1943. Fernando and Elsa had three daughters.

“As a university student, Fernando Bravo attended the students National Congresses and held leading positions, in which he promoted the alliance of students and mine workers" In 1943 he became General Secretary of the Center for Economic Sciences Students of the Universidad Técnica de Oruro.

Elsa and Fernando met in Oruro in 1942. In that same year, on December 21, the Catavi massacre took place. "There in the pampas that were later named 'María Barzola', troops fired on a demonstration of 8 000 people, in which women and children occupied the front lines." With this background, Elsa tells of her meeting with Fernando:

"From 1942 on, Fernando Bravo shared in the conflicts and struggles of the mine workers", writes Lucha Obrera. "He participated in the organization of the Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia (FSTMB–Bolivian Mine Workers Union federation), not only in organizational tasks but also in the ideological orientation of the miners." "On [July 29], 1946 he signed the Pacto Obrero -Universitario [Worker–University Pact] in Catavi. This accord was worked out on the basis of a program that he had prepared; it was the first time that a pact of this kind was made. In addition to many demands related to the mining and university sectors, its must fundamental point was the call to nationalize the mines which was the key national objective throughout this period", notes Elsa Cladera de Bravo. "Until now nobody has cited... the university–mining Pact of July 1946 as an immediate antecedent of the "Thesis of Pulacayo" thus one of the indispensable premises of the Thesis has been overlooked", points out Guillermo Lora.

Bravo James "belonged to the generation that witnessed and participated in the Chaco War [1932–1935]. His spirit was shaken by the war promoted by imperialism. While still very young, on his return from the Chaco region he joined the political currents that sought an explanation and a solution to the problems of Bolivia." After his participation in that war against Paraguay, he moved to the La Joya mining site and "soon joined the nascent mining workers’ movement." It was in Oruro, that Bravo joined the POR in the 1940s, remaining active in the Trotskyist party until his death. "Indefatigable for more than 25 years, Comrade Fernando Bravo, as a militant and leader of the POR, was dedicated to the revolutionary struggles of the Bolivian masses", states Lucha Obrera.

Fernando Bravo James ([fernan’do ‘braßo xa’mes] Spanish pronunciation)(1912–1962) was a Bolivian politician and militant of POR (Partido Obrero Revolucionario–Revolutionary Workers' Party), a Trotskyist organization. He was an economist, senior lecturer at the Universidad Técnica de Oruro (UTO) and at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), trade union leader and educator. He was a tireless fighter for the cause of the proletariat and the youth.

The father of Fernando Bravo James, doctor Zacarías Bravo Miranda, was one of the doctors who graduated from the first class of the Potosí medical school at the "Universidad Tomás Frías", founded in 1892. Fernando's mother, María James Revilla, was born in Potosí. The surname James comes from Maria's father, Benjamín James, who was of Irish origin. The couple had five children: Carmela, Sofía, Fernando, Gaby and María Luisa Bravo James. The siblings on the fathers genealogy were an older brother Esteban Bravo and on the mother's side, one younger sister and brother, Betty and Jorge López James. Bravo James did his primary studies at the "Colegio Nacional Pichincha" in Potosí. He continued his studies at the American Institute of La Paz where he graduated from high school. Fernando had many qualities: he was easy to deal with and pleasant in his conversation. He had a melodious voice and enjoyed singing with his three daughters. He composed a libretto of revolutionary songs for his party the POR, based on well-known and popular melodies, to which he wrote the lyrics.