Jean E. Fairfax

In addition to promoting educational equity through philanthropy, Jean Fairfax also developed an interest in achieving greater diversity in philanthropic giving, especially among African Americans. Writing in "Black Philanthropy: Its Heritage and Its Future" (1995), she admitted that she herself at first adopted the widespread misconception that "philanthropists were white people with inherited wealth or who made big deals in their investments or in their industrial work, like the Carnegies and the Rockefellers." However, she and her sister were able, on modest incomes, to donate over $100,000 a year to causes they supported by living frugally. Since 1987, the endowments they created have distributed over one million dollars. With Temple University, she has worked to develop an outreach program called African American Reunions and Philanthropy, encouraging families to use the occasion of family reunions as a forum for discussing philanthropy as a family enterprise.

After resigning from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in 1985, Fairfax, together with her sister Betty, turned her attention to philanthropy. That same year, she moved to Phoenix, Arizona to be with Betty, who had been working there since 1950 as a teacher, guidance counselor, and civil rights advocate. (The Phoenix school district honored Betty in 2007 by naming a new high school the Betty H. Fairfax High School.) In 1987, the two sisters established the endowment for the Dan and Betty Inez Fairfax Memorial Fund to expand educational opportunities for African American and Latinx students. That same year, at the Mary McLeod Bethune School in Phoenix, they "adopted" a class of eighth-grade students, challenging them to complete high school and enroll in a four-year college; they promised to fund 92 of those who did with a scholarship of $1,000 per year.

In 1965, Fairfax joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. In this capacity she made important contributions to the civil rights movement in the South, as she continued to organize and assist black families confronted with the effects of early school desegregation. She drove Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF) attorneys through rural Mississippi to meet with parents to discuss their decision about whether to send their children to white schools with a high risk of hostility. In addition, Fairfax personally (with Derrick Bell) escorted 6-year-old Debra Lewis to her first day of integrating the all-white Carthage Elementary School in rural Leake County, MS.

After World War II, from 1946 to 1948, Fairfax served as a program director for the American Friends Service Committee, a Quaker organization. She traveled to Austria to participate in direct relief work. In 1949 she returned to the U.S. and continued to work for the AFSC as its representative to students in colleges and universities in New England. Fairfax returned to the South in 1957 to work for eight years as director for the Southern Civil Rights Program of the AFSC. She worked closely with African-American families affected by school desegregation cases. When those families participating in desegregation litigation suffered economic reprisals, she helped them receive modest financial support.

In 1942, Fairfax moved to Kentucky and served as Dean of Women at Kentucky State College until 1944. Subsequently, she served as Dean of Women at Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama from 1944 to 1946. Because her role at these colleges included coordinating religious activities, she became involved with numerous organizations in the Student Christian Movement in the South. The interconnection among faith, service, and justice was a core value for Fairfax. She once explained, "Back then [in her childhood] we talked very much about the need, the obligation that we have as individuals to work for social justice. It was part of my religious upbringing. I have a deep concern about what happens to the community, that is, I don’t separate myself from what happens to my people." She also commented, "As faithful Christians, we are taught not to separate faith from action."

Jean Emily Fairfax (October 20, 1920 – February 12, 2019) was an American educator, civil rights worker, community organizer, and philanthropist whose efforts have focused on achieving equity in education, especially for poor African Americans. She served as Director of Community Services of the NAACP from 1965 to 1984.

Fairfax was born in 1920 in Columbus, Ohio. She learned the importance of education from the example of her parents, who were the first in their families to be born legally free and who went on to earn college degrees. She attended Cleveland public schools and earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan in 1941, graduating with honors in Liberal Arts and being inducted into the honor society Phi Beta Kappa. In 1944 she earned a master's degree in World Religions from Union Theological Seminary, where she studied under Reinhold Niebuhr. She later attended Harvard University as a Radcliffe visiting scholar, 1984-1986.