Raymond Cross

Cross served on the faculty of the  California Polytechnic State University from 1990 through 1993 and at the University of Montana from 1993 to 2015 as an expert on American Indian and environmental law.

Raymond Cross married Kathleen Cross (née Johnston), his Harvard Kennedy School classmate, in 1989. They have a daughter, Helena Cross, and son, Cade Cross.

Cross returned to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in 1981 to serve as tribal attorney for his people, the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation. He represented his tribe in two U.S. Supreme Court cases, Three Affiliated Tribes v. Wold Engineering 467 U.S. 138 and Three Affiliated Tribes v. Wold Engineering 476 U.S. 877, in which he successfully argued that state courts be opened to tribal damage actions against non-Indian defendants and reaffirmed fundamental principles of tribal sovereign immunity established in Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall’s Trust Doctrine.

Cross served from 1975 through 1980 as the Indian Law Support Center Director for the Native American Rights Fund.

Cross began his legal career in 1973 as a staff attorney with California Indian Legal Services in its Mendocino County office located in Ukiah, California.

After the Indian Relocation Act fractured the family, Cross was sent to live in Santa Clara, California for his early high school years. With the encouragement of his guidance counselor at Santa Clara High School, he applied and was accepted to Stanford University. He secured a scholarship from the Bureau of Indian Affairs and graduated in 1970 with a bachelor's degree in political science. He earned his Juris Doctor in 1973 from Yale Law School and was admitted to the California Bar.

He also took on the cause of his father, Martin Cross, in representing his tribal people in their long standing just compensation claim against the United States for its 1949 taking of over 156,000 acres of reservation land as the site for the Garrison Dam, the world's fourth largest rolled earth dam. Cross spent eight years lobbying Congress, and in 1992, Congress awarded the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation over $149 million and over 156,000 acres of land in just compensation for wrongs imposed on the tribal people by the Garrison Dam.

Raymond Cross (born August 24, 1948) is an American attorney and law professor from the U.S. state of North Dakota. He is a member of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, also known as the Three Affiliated Tribes, and a former professor of American Indian Law at the University of Montana. As an attorney, Cross represented Native Americans in multiple landmark trials, including two U.S. Supreme Court cases, and successfully won a compensation claim against the U.S. government for the flooding of 156,000 acres of tribal land in North Dakota due to the construction of the Garrison Dam.

Raymond Cross was born on August 24, 1948, in Elbowoods, North Dakota on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. The youngest of ten siblings, Cross was raised in a rustic farmhouse without running water or electricity. His father, Martin Cross, was tribal chairman of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, and his mother, Dorothy Cross, was a Norwegian homesteader.