Saumyendranath Tagore

After his return to India, Tagore had been arrested a number of times by the British colonial administration and was in an out of prison for most of a decade. After being released from prison in 1948, Tagore was confronted with a sector within the RCPI, led by Pannalal Dasgupta, which insisted on turning the campaign of building panchayats into a general armed insurrection. Tagore argued, instead, that armed revolution was premature in India.

The Dasgupta faction assembled an All India Party Conference in Birbhum in 1948. Tagore presented his resignation from the RCPI Central Committee, a request that the Birbhum conference rejected. Following the conference Dasgupta's followers began to gather arms and to prepare for armed struggle. Tagore, for his part, addressed a public meeting in Calcutta at which he denounced the insurrectional line of Dasgupta. Tagore's speech pushed the Dasgupta group to accept his resignation from the Central Committee. Half a year later Tagore gathered his followers for a separate party conference, calling it the 5th Party Congress, in Burdwan. Thus there came to be two parallel RCPIs, one led by Dasgupta and one led by Tagore. The former grouping represented the majority in the RCPI. The latter of the two parties came to be known as 'RCPI (Tagore)'. It was led by Tagore until his death in 1974.

In 1941 the Communist League had been renamed the "Communist Party of India", but in March 1943 it was rechristened the Revolutionary Communist Party of India (RCPI) in order to differentiate it from the "official" Communist Party of India.

Tagore made a second visit to Assam in December 1941. This time he visited Khagen Barbarua at his village in Upper Assam and discussed building the party organization in the province. Tagore was expelled from Assam on 18 December 1941.

After the formation of the Communist League Tagore began touring the Bengal country-side, organizing peasants to struggle for abolishing the zamindari system. In early 1938 Tagore built a peasants wing, the ‘Bangiyo Pradeshik Kisan Sabha’ (BPKS), separate from the CPI-led Krishak Samiti. Tagore's BPKS demanded abolition of the zamindari system without giving any compensation to landlords, free distribution of land among the cultivators and agricultural labourers, minimization of revenue demands and cancellation of debts to moneylenders.

The RCPI was the first left organization to established itself in Assam. In November 1938 Tagore visited Assam and met with a group of students and youth. His visit was organized by the Congressman Debranath Sarma. A Communist League branch was formed in the province in 1939.

Tagore formed the Communist League of India on 1 August 1934. Other founders of the Communist League included Sudhir Dasgupta, Prabhat Sen, Ranjit Majumdar and Arun Banerjee.

Tagore differed with the Comintern on the "Colonial Question". Later, he came to favor Leon Trotsky's theory of "Permanent Revolution" over Joseph Stalin's notion of "Socialism in One Country". He also came to oppose the Comintern's "Popular Front" strategy in the 1930s, regarding it as a betrayal of proletarian revolution.

At the 1928 Communist International congress Tagore had sought to challenge the role of M.N. Roy in the organization. Tagore had turned hostile towards Stalin, possibly as in reaction to his failed bid to gain recognition from the Communist International in 1928. On his return to India in 1934 he appealed to the Communist Party of India (CPI) to abandon its ultra-left line. Although the CPI would later moderate its positions after the Seventh Congress of the Communist International, Tagore broke with the CPI. In May 1934 he set up an 'initiative committee' for the founding of a new party.

In 1920, Tagore joined the "Akhil Bharat Chatra Sammelan" ("All-India Student Conference") in Ahmedabad. He befriended Muzaffar Ahmed and the poet, Kazi Nazrul Islam. After Tagore joined the Workers and Peasants Party (WPP) in April 1926, he began mobilizing the jute mill‐workers of Bengal to form the Bengal Jute Workers' Association. His effectiveness as a trade union activist and his attempts to win revolutionaries over to the WPP drew official attention to him. In order to avoid arrest, Tagore left for Europe in May 1927. There, he met international communist leaders and was soon in Moscow. He attended the 6th Congress of the Communist International (Comintern).

Tagore passed matriculation in 1917 from Mitra Institution in Kolkata and became graduate with Hon's in Economics from the Presidency College in the year of 1921.

Saumyendranath Tagore (October 8, 1901 – September 22, 1974), son of Sudhindranath Tagore, grandson of Dwijendranath Tagore, and grand-nephew of Rabindranath Tagore, was the leader of the Revolutionary Communist Party of India, and the first translator of The Communist Manifesto into Bengali, which was published in Langal magazine edited by Kazi Najrul Islam.